{"id":2590663,"date":"2026-04-14T13:39:01","date_gmt":"2026-04-14T17:39:01","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/san-francisco-put-in-subway-turnstiles-that-cant-be-jumped-maintenance-dropped-96-percent\/"},"modified":"2026-04-14T13:46:47","modified_gmt":"2026-04-14T17:46:47","slug":"san-francisco-put-in-subway-turnstiles-that-cant-be-jumped-maintenance-dropped-96-percent","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/san-francisco-put-in-subway-turnstiles-that-cant-be-jumped-maintenance-dropped-96-percent\/","title":{"rendered":"San Francisco Put in Subway Turnstiles That Can&#8217;t Be Jumped &#8211; Maintenance Dropped 96 Percent"},"content":{"rendered":"<aside class=\"mashsb-container mashsb-main mashsb-stretched\"><div class=\"mashsb-box\"><div class=\"mashsb-count mash-medium\" style=\"&quot;\"><div class=\"counts mashsbcount\">30<\/div><span class=\"mashsb-sharetext\">SHARES<\/span><\/div><div class=\"mashsb-buttons\"><a class=\"mashicon-facebook mash-medium mash-nomargin mashsb-noshadow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservativenewsdaily.net%2Fbreaking-news%2Fsan-francisco-put-in-subway-turnstiles-that-cant-be-jumped-maintenance-dropped-96-percent%2F\" target=\"_top\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span class=\"icon\"><\/span><span class=\"text\">Facebook<\/span><\/a><a class=\"mashicon-twitter mash-medium mash-nomargin mashsb-noshadow\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=&amp;url=https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/?p=2590663&amp;via=ConservNewsDly\" target=\"_top\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span class=\"icon\"><\/span><span class=\"text\">Twitter<\/span><\/a><a class=\"mashicon-subscribe mash-medium mash-nomargin mashsb-noshadow\" href=\"#\" target=\"_top\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span class=\"icon\"><\/span><span class=\"text\">Subscribe<\/span><\/a><div class=\"onoffswitch2 mash-medium mashsb-noshadow\" style=\"display:none\"><\/div><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                <div style=\"clear:both\"><\/div><\/aside>\n            <!-- Share buttons by mashshare.net - Version: 4.0.47--><p>This article discusses the controversy around Bay Area transit policy and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/progressives-push-drug-legalization-amid-record-overdoses\/\" title=\"Progressives Push Drug Legalization Amid Record Overdoses\">fare enforcement<\/a>, centered on BART\u2019s installation of turnstiles intended to deter fare evaders. It notes that the new gates, designed to be hard to jump, coincided with a 96% drop in maintenance within paid areas, suggesting fewer repair and cleaning needs.The piece questions whether the gates actually increased revenue, citing a claimed $10 million boost but pointing out that BART\u2019s financials and any public uptake data are not clearly disclosed. While ridership is gradually rebounding after the pandemic, the system remains financially strained, making the revenue impact of the gates uncertain.<\/p>\n<p>A May 2025 report from Yale-based Center for Policing Equity is cited, arguing that the gates did not meaningfully raise revenue and did not significantly improve riders\u2019 sense of safety. It also contends that fare enforcement could have detrimental community effects,disproportionately impacting Black and Brown riders,low-income individuals,people with mental health issues,and unhoused people. The article contrasts this with supporters\u2019 claims of safety benefits and notes social criticisms tied to \u201cwokeness\u201d and policy choices.<\/p>\n<p>the piece frames the fare-gate approach as a mixed and contentious policy: it may reduce maintenance and some vandalism, but its financial benefits are unclear and its social costs-especially for vulnerable populations-are a major point of contention.  <\/p>\n<p class=\"readmore\">\n    <button onclick=\"showReadMore()\" id=\"readmorebtn\">Read more&#8230;<\/button>\n<\/p>\n<hr id=\"line\">\n<span id=\"more\"><\/p>\n<p><?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><?xml encoding=\"utf-8\" ?><\/p>\n<section> \t\t\t\t<script>console.log(\"ad slot (AC1)\")<\/script><script>console.log(\"ad slot (IC1)\")<\/script><script>console.log(\"ad slot (IC2)\")<\/script><script>console.log(\"ad slot (IC3)\")<\/script><script>console.log(\"ad slot (IC4)\")<\/script><\/p>\n<p>Even San Francisco and the rest of the Bay Area realizes that sometimes wokeness can go too far.<\/p>\n<p>Take, for instance, the region&rsquo;s subway system &mdash; Bay Area Rapid Transit, or BART. BART has long been hemorrhaging ridership, in part because of the perceived safety of the system.<\/p>\n<p>So, the city put in turnstiles that couldn&rsquo;t be jumped. And &mdash; wouldn&rsquo;t you know it? &mdash; maintenance dropped 96 percent. That&rsquo;s how much <a href=\"https:\/\/www.westernjournal.com\/dc-liberals-move-decriminalize-turnstile-jumping-ignore-decades-crime-prevention-research\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">fare evaders<\/a> were causing problems.<\/p>\n<p>In case you need to know what the new gates look like, here&rsquo;s a handy explainer:<\/p>\n<div class=\"firefly-embed\"> <iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Next Generation Fare Gates Installation Completion 2025\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/pB0pXo2gePg?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/div>\n<p> <script type=\"text\/javascript\"> \t\t\tif ( getCookie( \"ff_subbed\" ) ) { \t\t\t\tdocument.getElementById(\"anyclipvideo\").remove() \t\t\t} else { \t\t\t\tdocument.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", function() { \t\t\t\t\tfunction loadAnyclip() { \t\t\t\t\t\tconst container=document.getElementById(\"anyclipvideo\"); \t\t\t\t\t\tif (!container) return;  \t\t\t\t\t\tconst script=document.createElement(\"script\"); \t\t\t\t\t\tscript.src=\"https:\/\/player.anyclip.com\/anyclip-widget\/lre-widget\/prod\/v1\/src\/lre.js\"; \t\t\t\t\t\tscript.setAttribute(\"pubname\", \"westernjournalcom\"); \t\t\t\t\t\tscript.setAttribute(\"widgetname\", \"001w000001jULVcAAO_M12924\");  \t\t\t\t\t\t\/\/ append inside the container so player shows in correct spot \t\t\t\t\t\tcontainer.appendChild(script); \t\t\t\t\t} \t\t\t\t\tfunction findPreviousParagraph(selector, x) { \t\t\t\t\t\tconst targetElement=document.querySelector(selector); \t\t\t\t\t\tif (!targetElement) { \t\t\t\t\t\t\tconsole.warn(\"Target element not found.\"); \t\t\t\t\t\t\treturn null; \t\t\t\t\t\t}  \t\t\t\t\t\t\/\/ Get all <\/p>\n<p> elements in order as they appear in the document \t\t\t\t\t\tlet paragraphs=Array.from(document.querySelectorAll(\"p\"));  \t\t\t\t\t\t\/\/ Find the index of the last <\/p>\n<p> before the target element \t\t\t\t\t\tlet targetIndex=paragraphs.findIndex(p=> p.compareDocumentPosition(targetElement) & Node.DOCUMENT_POSITION_PRECEDING);  \t\t\t\t\t\tif (targetIndex===-1 || targetIndex <x) { \t\t\t\t\t\t\tconsole.warn(\"Not enough paragraphs before the target element.\"); \t\t\t\t\t\t\treturn null; \t\t\t\t\t\t}  \t\t\t\t\t\treturn paragraphs[targetIndex - x]; \t\t\t\t\t}  \t\t\t\t\t\/\/ Set up IntersectionObserver \t\t\t\t\tfunction observeElement(element) { \t\t\t\t\t\tif (!element) return;  \t\t\t\t\t\tconst observer=new IntersectionObserver( \t\t\t\t\t\t\t(entries)=> { \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tentries.forEach(entry=> { \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tif (entry.isIntersecting) { \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tconsole.log(\"Paragraph is now visible:\", entry.target.textContent.trim()); \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tloadAnyclip(); \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tobserver.disconnect(); \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t} \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t}); \t\t\t\t\t\t\t}, \t\t\t\t\t\t\t{ threshold: 0.5 } \/\/ Adjust threshold as needed \t\t\t\t\t\t);  \t\t\t\t\t\tobserver.observe(element); \t\t\t\t\t}  \t\t\t\t\t\/\/ Find the 1st paragraph before #anyclipvideo and observe it \t\t\t\t\tlet paragraphToObserve=findPreviousParagraph(\"#anyclipvideo\", 2); \t\t\t\t\tobserveElement(paragraphToObserve); \t\t\t\t}); \t\t\t} \t\t<\/script> <\/p>\n<p>BART officials promised that this would raise $10 million in additional revenue by forcing people to pay and getting more people to ride the system.<\/p>\n<p>Whether or not this is true is a bit nebulous; BART&rsquo;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bart.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/2025-03\/BART%20FY26%20%26%20FY27%20Preliminary%20Budget%20Memo%20Draft_FINAL_0.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">financials<\/a> and estimates of how many fare jumpers actually paid or how many people came back to the system thanks to the program, if they exist, don&rsquo;t appear to be public.<\/p>\n<p>What is clear is that ridership is slowly but steadily rebounding after a sharp decline beginning with the pandemic, although the system is still in a black hole financially, and $10 million would pretty much be a rounding error in terms of that.<\/p>\n<p>That, however, is more a matter of a certain type of mismanagement endemic to Californian bureaucracy in general. (How&rsquo;s that <a href=\"https:\/\/www.westernjournal.com\/calif-dems-beg-buttigieg-save-high-speed-rail-boondoggle-doge-trump-dump-money-project\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/pro-trump-religious-groups-begin-turning-up-heat-on-gop-to-take-action-on-marjorie-taylor-greene\/\" title=\"Pro-Trump, Religious Groups Begin Turning Up Heat On GOP To Take Action On Marjorie Taylor Greene\">high-speed rail project<\/a> going<\/a>, Gavin?) The measurable statistics here are how much time had to be spent repairing the new fare gates.<\/p>\n<p>And, wouldn&rsquo;t you know it? The time dropped dramatically:<\/p>\n<blockquote class=\"twitter-tweet\">\n<p dir=\"ltr\" lang=\"en\">And there are other real benefits such as fewer corrective maintenance requests and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/seven-easy-ways-to-save-tens-of-thousands-of-dollars\/\" title=\"Seven Easy Ways to Save Tens of Thousands of Dollars\">time spent cleaning<\/a> and fixing things. <a href=\"https:\/\/t.co\/MhP1uMyxtK\">pic.twitter.com\/MhP1uMyxtK<\/a><\/p>\n<p>&mdash; BART (@SFBART) <a href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/SFBART\/status\/2020952977180328184?\">February 9, 2026<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p><script async src=\"https:\/\/platform.twitter.com\/widgets.js\" charset=\"utf-8\"><\/script><\/p>\n<p>In other words, simply by making fare gates more difficult to drop, &ldquo;patron-related corrective maintenance&rdquo; (translation: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.westernjournal.com\/biden-ignores-pro-hamas-protesters-monument-vandalism-trumps-2020-exec-order-end\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vandalism<\/a> and other stuff of that insalubrious nature) within the paid area of stations dropped by 96 percent. We&rsquo;re not just talking about the gates, but other damage, too.<\/p>\n<p>You won&rsquo;t be shocked to note that wokeistas weren&rsquo;t happy about this.<\/p>\n<p>According to <a href=\"https:\/\/oaklandside.org\/2025\/05\/16\/cracking-down-on-fare-jumpers-didnt-make-bart-safer-or-increase-revenue-report-finds\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Oaklandside<\/a>, in May of 2025, a report from Yale-based nonprofit Center for Policing Equity said that the gates didn&rsquo;t make any difference in revenue and that &ldquo;it&rsquo;s not making riders feel that much safer.&rdquo;<\/p>\n<p>Its reasons for why riders might not feel safer, however, may be a bit different than yours.<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;BART&rsquo;s focus on fare evasion recovers minimal revenue, may be addressing an overstated problem, and is not effective at curbing incidents that make riders feel uneasy in the system,&rdquo; the report read.<\/p>\n<p>&ldquo;Rather than producing clear benefits, fare enforcement operations have detrimental effects on the community, disproportionately impacting Black and Brown riders, as well as individuals who are low-income, people struggling with mental health, and people who are unhoused,&rdquo; it added.<\/p>\n<p>In other words, sure &mdash; you, Mr. or Mrs. Paying Rider, you may feel safer. But what about those &ldquo;unhoused people&rdquo; jumping the turnstile so they could smoke some <a href=\"https:\/\/www.westernjournal.com\/fentanyl-smoking-strip-used-bookmark-san-franciscos-main-library-taken-homeless-drug-addicts-report\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">high-grade fent<\/a> at the platform and nod off on a Green Line for a few hours? Especially if they&rsquo;re black or brown. Boy, bet you feel like a jerk now.<\/p>\n<p>Or not. Point is, <a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3YuVZYV\" >fare enforcement eventually works<\/a>. When even the Bay Area can figure that out, it shouldn&rsquo;t be that hard for the rest of America to follow suit.<\/p>\n<div style=\"position: relative;\">\n<div class=\"ff-fancy-header-container\"> \t\t\t \t<\/div>\n<div class=\"entry-submit-correction inner-content\">\n<div class=\"correction-form\">\n<form style=\"display: none;\">\n<div class=\"sc-name-field\"> \t\t\t\t\t\t<label>* Name<\/label> \t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/> \t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" name=\"name\" required> \t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<div class=\"sc--field\"> \t\t\t\t\t\t<label>* <\/label> \t\t\t\t\t\t<br \/> \t\t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"text\" name=\"\" required> \t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p> \t\t\t\t\t<label>* Message<\/label> \t\t\t\t\t<br \/> \t\t\t\t\t<textarea name=\"message\" required><\/textarea> \t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<div class=\"required-message\" style=\"display: none; padding-bottom: 15px;\">* All fields are required.<\/div>\n<p> \t\t\t\t\t<input type=\"submit\" value=\"Submit\" onclick=\"event.preventDefault(); firefly_sc();\"> \t\t\t\t\t \t\t\t\t\t<\/p>\n<div class=\"firefly-sc-confirm\" style=\"display: none;\">Success!<\/div>\n<\/p><\/form>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n<p> \t\t<script> \t\t\tfunction firefly_sc() { \t\t\t\tif( typeof window.captchaPublicKey==typeof undefined ){ \t\t\t\t\tconsole.error('window.captchaPublicKey is not defined'); \t\t\t\t} \t\t\t\tgrecaptcha.execute( window.captchaPublicKey, { action: 'submit_correction' } ).then( function( token ) { \t\t\t\t\tvar opts={ \t\t\t\t\t\taction:    'firefly_sc_submit', \t\t\t\t\t\tname:      document.querySelector( '.entry-submit-correction [name=\"name\"]' ).value, \t\t\t\t\t\t:     document.querySelector( '.entry-submit-correction [name=\"\"]' ).value, \t\t\t\t\t\tmessage:   document.querySelector( '.entry-submit-correction [name=\"message\"]' ).value, \t\t\t\t\t\tpost_id:   firefly_post_id, \t\t\t\t\t\tcap_token: token \t\t\t\t\t}  \t\t\t\t\tvar inputs=[ 'name', '', 'message' ];  \t\t\t\t\tfor( var i=0; i <inputs.length; i++ ) if( ! ( opts[inputs[i]]=document.querySelector( '.entry-submit-correction [name=\"' + inputs[i] + '\"]' ).value ) ) { \t\t\t\t\t\tdocument.querySelector( '.entry-submit-correction .required-message' ).style.display='block'; \t\t\t\t\t\treturn; \t\t\t\t\t}  \t\t\t\t\tdocument.querySelector( '.entry-submit-correction input[type=\"submit\"]' ).style.display='none'; \t\t\t\t\tdocument.querySelector( '.entry-submit-correction .firefly-sc-submitting-img' ).src=firefly_loading_gif_url; \t\t\t\t\tdocument.querySelector( '.entry-submit-correction .firefly-sc-submitting-img' ).style.display='inline-block';  \t\t\t\t\tconsole.log( 'ma subbing' );  \t\t\t\t\tif( firefly_post_id ) opts['post_id']=firefly_post_id;  \t\t\t\t\t\/* Send the data using post with element id name and name2*\/ \t\t\t\t\tvar posting=jQuery.post( firefly_ajax_url, opts );  \t\t\t\t\t\/* Alerts the results *\/ \t\t\t\t\tposting.done( function( response ) { \t\t\t\t\t\tif( response.success ) { \t\t\t\t\t\t\tconsole.log( response.data ); \t\t\t\t\t\t\tdocument.querySelector( '.entry-submit-correction .firefly-sc-submitting-img' ).style.display='none'; \t\t\t\t\t\t\tdocument.querySelector( '.entry-submit-correction .firefly-sc-confirm' ).style.display='block';  \t\t\t\t\t\t\tdataLayer.push( { 'event': 'submit-correction' } ); \t\t\t\t\t\t} \t\t\t\t\t}); \t\t\t\t}); \t\t\t} \t\t<\/script> \t     \t\t\t\t\t\t     \t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n<p style=\"border: 1px solid #f5f5f5; padding: 16px;\">Advertise with The Western Journal and reach millions of highly engaged readers, while supporting our work. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.westernjournal.com\/advertise-us\/?wj_source=article\">Advertise Today<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p><script>console.log(\"ad slot (BA1)\")<\/script> \t\t<\/p>\n<div class=\"ff-fancy-header-container\"> \t\t\t \t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<p><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Here\u2019s a paraphrase of the main narrative:<\/p>\n<p>Even in the Bay Area, some people think certain progressive policies have gone too far. BART, whose ridership had been falling partly because riders didn\u2019t feel safe, installed turnstiles that could not be jumped. After these changes, maintenance needs dropped dramatically-about 96 percent fewer issues caused by fare evasion. The article includes a quick explanation of what the new gates look like. BART officials argued the gates would bring about $10 million more in revenue by forcing fare payment and encouraging more people to ride, though the exact financials aren\u2019t public and the estimate remains uncertain. Ridership has slowly started to recover since the pandemic, but the system is still financially troubled, so $10 million would be a small improvement in the grand scheme. The key measurable impact cited is the time spent repairing the new fare gates, which decreased sharply, along with fewer corrective maintenance requests and less time spent on cleaning and fixes. BART also noted that maintenance tied to fare-gate issues dropped 96 percent within the paid areas, including other related damage.<\/p>\n<p>Critics from the \u201cwoke\u201d side pushed back. A May 2025 report from Yale\u2019s Center for Policing Equity argued that the gates did not meaningfully increase revenue or riders\u2019 sense of safety. The report warned that fare-enforcement efforts can have harmful effects on communities, disproportionately impacting Black and Brown riders, as well as low-income people, those with mental health challenges, and unhoused individuals. In other words, paying riders may feel safer to some, but it doesn\u2019t erase concerns for others. The broader takeaway: fare enforcement can be effective, and if the Bay Area can figure this out, perhaps the rest of the country should consider similar steps<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2590664,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mo_disable_npp":"","fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/www.westernjournal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/New-BART-turnstiles.jpg","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[33651],"tags":[12350,32422,6743,77755],"class_list":["post-2590663","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-the-western-journal","tag-maintenance","tag-san-francisco","tag-subway","tag-turnstiles"],"fifu_image_url":"https:\/\/www.westernjournal.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/04\/New-BART-turnstiles.jpg","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2590663","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2590663"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2590663\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2590672,"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2590663\/revisions\/2590672"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2590664"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2590663"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2590663"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2590663"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}