{"id":1630399,"date":"2022-09-02T07:04:34","date_gmt":"2022-09-02T11:04:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/?p=1630399"},"modified":"2022-09-02T07:04:55","modified_gmt":"2022-09-02T11:04:55","slug":"the-west-cant-even-understand-why-russia-sees-it-as-a-threat-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/the-west-cant-even-understand-why-russia-sees-it-as-a-threat-2\/","title":{"rendered":"The West Can\u2019t Even Understand Why Russia Sees It As A Threat"},"content":{"rendered":"<aside class=\"mashsb-container mashsb-main mashsb-stretched\"><div class=\"mashsb-box\"><div class=\"mashsb-count mash-medium\" style=\"float:left\"><div class=\"counts mashsbcount\">24<\/div><span class=\"mashsb-sharetext\">SHARES<\/span><\/div><div class=\"mashsb-buttons\"><a class=\"mashicon-facebook mash-medium mash-nomargin mashsb-noshadow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservativenewsdaily.net%2Fbreaking-news%2Fthe-west-cant-even-understand-why-russia-sees-it-as-a-threat-2%2F\" target=\"_top\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span class=\"icon\"><\/span><span class=\"text\">Facebook<\/span><\/a><a class=\"mashicon-twitter mash-medium mash-nomargin mashsb-noshadow\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=&amp;url=https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/?p=1630399&amp;via=ConservNewsDly\" target=\"_top\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span class=\"icon\"><\/span><span class=\"text\">Twitter<\/span><\/a><a class=\"mashicon-subscribe mash-medium mash-nomargin mashsb-noshadow\" href=\"#\" target=\"_top\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span class=\"icon\"><\/span><span class=\"text\">Subscribe<\/span><\/a><div class=\"onoffswitch2 mash-medium mashsb-noshadow\" style=\"display:none\"><\/div><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                <div style=\"clear:both\"><\/div><\/aside>\n            <!-- Share buttons by mashshare.net - Version: 4.0.47--><p>The eruption of war in Ukraine this year disrupted what President George Bush Sr. once called the \u201cnew world order\u201d of the post-Soviet world, potentially realigning the globe\u2019s geopolitical tectonic plates.<\/p>\n<p>The conflict, in tandem with heightened stress about Taiwan, has aligned Russia and China more closely and highlights the so-called BRICS axis (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa) as a potential alternative to the \u201cglobal West\u201d of the European Union, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Japan, and ANZUS. This not only probably reflects resentment against alleged Western hubris and neocolonialism, but also highlights a deep fault line between two civilizational zones that cut across Ukraine. <\/p>\n<p>That fault line becomes visible in comparing the now-secular \u201cjust war\u201d tradition of the West and the \u201cnecessary war\u201d tradition of still-overtly Christian polities of the East.<\/p>\n<h2>The \u2018Necessary War\u2019 Doctrine<\/h2>\n<p>The exiled Russian philosopher Ivan Ilyin, the prime 20th-century articulator of the \u201cnecessary war\u201d tradition, is sometimes called Russian President Vladimir Putin\u2019s favorite philosopher. Putin has distributed copies of Ilyin\u2019s books to officials across the Russian Federation.<\/p>\n<p>A renowned Hegelian scholar and pioneer of Russian philosophy of law from before the Revolution, Ilyin in the 1920s became the unofficial philosopher of General Wrangel\u2019s White Army movement against Communist totalitarianism and genocide. Ilyin has been unfairly labeled fascist by some \u201cAntifa\u201d historians, a claim that has been <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Russian-Conservatism-European-Eurasian-Studies-ebook\/dp\/B07R74QY74\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=1LXXL95D722Q2&amp;keywords=paul+robinson+russian+conservatism&amp;qid=1660664016&amp;s=digital-text&amp;sprefix=paul+robinson+russian+conservatism%2Cdigital-text%2C81&amp;sr=1-1\">refuted by scholarship<\/a>, his clear disavowal of Nazism, and the Gestapo targeting him in exile.<\/p>\n<p>But the doctrine of the \u201cnecessary war\u201d goes back all the way back to Byzantine times in Orthodox Christian social teaching. It involved a denial of any war being just.<\/p>\n<p>St. Basil the Great, for example, wrote that it was best for a soldier who killed an enemy to be excommunicated for three years, even if he had killed legally in a right cause defending Christendom. The Byzantine princess Anna Comnena wrote in amazement of Latin-Norman ecclesiastical leaders arriving in the Near East armed as Crusaders when Byzantine bishops and clergy were forbidden from wielding arms.<\/p>\n<p>Indeed, the Crusader war culture of the West left deeply negative memories in Orthodox Christian historiography. Western Crusaders were seen as having pillaged Constantinople in the Fourth Crusade, dealing a long-term fatal blow to the Christian Empire. Northern Crusades wreaked havoc on Slavic Christian realms.\u00a0<\/p>\n<h2>What Is a \u2018Necessary War\u2019?<\/h2>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.tandfonline.com\/doi\/abs\/10.1080\/15027570310000289\">In a 2003 study of Ilyin\u2019s \u201cnecessary war\u201d doctrine<\/a>, University of Ottawa Prof. Paul Robinson contrasted the \u201cjust war\u201d doctrine of the West with key aspects of \u201cnecessary war,\u201d as found in Ilyin\u2019s 1925 book\u00a0\u201cOn the Resistance to Evil by Force.\u201d Ilyin argued against Tolstoyan pacifism, which he said among pre-revolutionary Russian elites helped pave the way for the Communist takeover with its ensuing mass murders and cultural genocides.<\/p>\n<p>For a war to be \u201cnecessary,\u201d according to Ilyin: There must be \u201creal evil,\u201d not only suffering, but evil human will expressed in external deeds; such externalized evil human will must be recognized on a deep level as a prerequisite for fighting it; those fighting it need a \u201cgenuine love of good\u201d and a repentant attitude in realizing the sinfulness of war on all sides; and its fighters need a \u201cstrong will\u201d that is not indifferent to evil.<\/p>\n<p>Force also becomes necessary only when other measures such as psychological coercion fail. (The latter point doesn\u2019t mean that force is a last resort, as in Western \u201cjust war\u201d doctrine, only that it becomes needed after any alternative deemed practical is exhausted.)<\/p>\n<p>Russian \u201cnecessary war\u201d doctrine parallels Dostoevsky\u2019s philosophy of a common guilt for sin, which needs to be claimed through repentance and cannot be resolved simply through abstract legal views and processes. In that sense, there is larger complicity for the parricide of Fyodor Karamazov, for example.<\/p>\n<p>To Ilyin, likewise, the spiritual causes of evil must be recognized within human souls. Fighting the external manifestations while leaving the roots intact will not lead to success, and there are unintended consequences and collateral damage in addressing merely the external. God and faith are integral factors in calculating a necessary war and repenting for it.<\/p>\n<p>All of this paradoxically makes for an approach to war that is perhaps both more extremely skeptical and more likely in select cases. In any case, it literally leaves no justification for the Ukraine war from the standpoint of justice, even if deemed necessary.<\/p>\n<h2>The Rainbow Flag as a National Security Threat? <\/h2>\n<p>To Russian leaders, necessity in Ukraine seemed driven by an urgency to prevent or defuse the embedding of anti-Russian ideology militarily and culturally in what they see as a historic heartland of Russian community, ancient Kievan-Rus. But that necessity is illegible to Western elites because it involves no justification in Western intellectual terms, and because the West\u2019s secular perspective today is fundamentally different from what Ilyin saw as the essential element of faith in addressing necessary war.<\/p>\n<p>That Western pan-sexualism, for example, would be seen as effectively a national security threat due to its perceived impact on family structure and faith is inconceivable to Western leaders. For most of them, its promotion has become an explicit national security goal. In turn, this is inconceivable to Russian leaders.<\/p>\n<p>The allegedly anti-Christian bias of the European Union and NATO\u2019s \u201cwoke-ism,\u201d the West pressing into the Russian sphere of influence after its support for overturning the Ukrainian government in 2014, a melding of secularized state and business interests in globalization that Russian leaders perceive as akin to the neopagan corporate statism of Nazism \u2014 these all describe for Kremlin leaders a claimed necessity to intervene militarily.<\/p>\n<p>Psychologist Jordan Peterson <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=JxdHm2dmvKE\">pointed out<\/a>\u00a0there is no basis for psychological trust between Russia and the West today, because of what he terms the \u201ccivil war\u201d culturally fragmenting the West and making it an impossible partner in negotiating a crisis. How, Peterson asked, could someone in another culture more traditional in view of sex and \u201cethno-nationalism\u201d feel he could trust a United States where it is not clear that there is currently any coherent national identity nor normative cultural ethics?<\/p>\n<p>Peterson gave as an example the spectacle this spring of congressional hearings in which the fractious question \u201cWhat is a woman?\u201d was unanswerable for a U.S. Supreme Court nominee, to the applause of many American elites. Given American elites\u2019 overthrow of Founding Fathers, ideals, and documents, as well as family life and faith, where is the ethical North Star guiding American policy and trustworthiness abroad? It seems merely to be an assertion of a will to power in the name of a culturally revolutionary ideology.<\/p>\n<h2>China and Russia Believe the West Is Collapsing<\/h2>\n<p>Many suggest that if Donald Trump had been president, the Ukraine invasion would not have occurred. That\u2019s not because he is a paragon of virtue, but because the power drive for expansion of the West in Ukraine would have been lessened in his\u00a0realpolitik, and the nature of American leadership more legible to Putin.<\/p>\n<p>In all this, cancel culture in American elite institutions has not served the United States well abroad. China\u2019s recent analogy between U.S. policy on Taiwan and the strangling of George Floyd marked Beijing weaponizing American ideological rhetoric against itself. It was in line with how Chinese and Russian leaders (and many average people around the world) view American culture as collapsing in weakness. This is also signified by the derogatory Chinese term\u00a0<em>baizuo<\/em>,\u00a0for \u201ccrazy left white people.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Of course, China\u2019s use of Floyd was tactical at best, given Beijing\u2019s atrocious record of dealing with minorities, let alone its lack of purging Mao as arguably the uber-mass murderer of the last century. Regardless, however, the concept of \u201cjust war\u201d in a postmodern West must navigate the deconstruction of terms amid the loss of religious underpinning.<\/p>\n<h2>The West Is Still on a Crusade<\/h2>\n<p>Robinson notes that, by contrast with the Russian view of \u201cnecessary war,\u201d the Western \u201cjust war\u201d theory requires:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>A just cause.<\/li>\n<li>A just cause fought by legal authority.<\/li>\n<li>A just cause having a reasonable sense of success.<\/li>\n<li>Fighting should be a last resort after all alternatives (however impractical) are exhausted. <\/li>\n<li>Violence must be proportional to the goals, and civilians should not be targeted.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Does the seemingly arbitrary Western tendency toward labeling some wars as just crusades enable both self-righteousness and a more impersonal and abstract sense of war (\u201cfighting Russia to the last Ukrainian\u201d through technological and financial aid)? Does it lead to hubris in intervening in Russia\u2019s home neighborhood and risking huge casualties for others and nuclear confrontation?<\/p>\n<p>Going back to the roots of theological difference between the West and East in old Christendom, the West tends to blame alleged \u201cCaesaro-Papism\u201d in the East for Russian brutal bellicosity. But the West has had its own problems with weaponizing a meld of ideology and culture historically.<\/p>\n<p>The way the West obliviously pushed out the boundaries of NATO physically, and of its global consumer \u201cMetaverse\u201d culturally and economically, can easily hide righteous disdain for other civilizational zones, at the West\u2019s peril. As Henry Kissinger suggested\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.wsj.com\/articles\/henry-kissinger-is-worried-about-disequilibrium-11660325251?mod=mktw\">in a recent Wall Street Journal interview<\/a>\u00a0(paraphrased by the reporter), Americans \u201ctend to view negotiations \u2026 in missionary rather than psychological terms, seeking to convert or condemn their interlocutors rather than to penetrate their thinking.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Educational psychologist Jean Piaget wrote that appreciating others\u2019 differing views is basic to healthy cognitive development. But the West at large today seems to do better in the rhetoric of diversity than at engaging with actual diverse perspectives.<\/p>\n<h2>The Melding of Church and State<\/h2>\n<p>Protestant states during the Reformation placed their churches under the control of state leaders as a precursor to the heyday of European imperialism. The melding of secular transcendent and corporate ideologies in modern globalization is viewed as neocolonialism in many countries still.<\/p>\n<p>Peter the Great\u2019s Westernizing reforms included using Protestant state models for church-state relations, which placed the Russian Orthodox Church\u2019s organization administratively under the monarch. But the Orthodox ideal remained a Byzantine \u201csymphonia\u201d of church and state, a balance but not a merger of the two, in which an influential monastic presence played a key balancing role. This was symbolized by the double-headed eagle rather than the single-headed eagle of the American state. <\/p>\n<p>Ironically given the Ukraine war, the \u201cnecessary war\u201d doctrine seemed formed to deflect the kind of self-righteous crusades that bedeviled Western colonial and neocolonial powers. If no war is just, then all wars demand penitence.<\/p>\n<p>All of this is not in any way to justify the war in Ukraine. In fact, as noted, \u201cnecessary war\u201d doctrine on its own terms doesn\u2019t seek to justify war in any sense of justice, given the cost to even one innocent human being, let alone the many being killed in Ukraine.<\/p>\n<p>But from the Russian perspective of necessity, however much that can be disputed, this war seems perceived as just that: a \u201cHail Mary\u201d pass against a neocolonial West messing with a historical heartland, militarily and culturally. The West sees its contravening intervention as a just war, today an extension of the role of social justice warriors at home, part of an ongoing campaign against a culturally repressive remnant of a different civilizational zone, which Mitt Romney famously termed our greatest geopolitical enemy (despite China).<\/p>\n<p>Unlike Islamic civilization, Russia seems too familiar and too close to ignore. Unfortunately, that apparent familiarity bred a misunderstanding of civilizational differences. Meanwhile, the big practical problem that Kissinger has pointed out remains: This \u201cother\u201d is locked and loaded with nuclear weapons. Lord, have mercy!<\/p>\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\" \/>\n<p>\n  Dr. Paul Kentigern Siewers is associate professor of English at Bucknell University and was the 2018-2019 William E. Simon visiting fellow in religion and public life at the James Madison Program, Princeton University. He is also an ordained deacon and warden at St. John of Shanghai and San Francisco Russian Orthodox Mission Church in Lewisburg, Pennsylvania. He teaches and writes on Christian literature and ideas of nature, and on literary resistance to totalitarianism. His views are his own.<\/p>\n<div class=\"article-comments mt-30 mt-sm-60\">\n<div class=\"article-comments-container d-flex flex-column align-items-center py-30\">\n    <img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"110\" height=\"106\" src=\"https:\/\/thefederalist.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/fdrlst-mark.svg\" class=\"img-fluid mb-20\" alt=\"The Federalist logo eagle mark\" \/>    <\/p>\n<p>Unlock commenting by joining the Federalist Community.<\/p>\n<p>    <a href=\"https:\/\/thefederalist.com\/plans\/pricing\/\" class=\"btn btn-on-white\">Subscribe<\/a>  <\/div>\n<\/p><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The eruption of war in Ukraine this year disrupted what President George Bush Sr. once called the \u201cnew world order\u201d of the post-Soviet world, potentially realigning the globe\u2019s geopolitical tectonic<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1323,"featured_media":1630407,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mo_disable_npp":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1630399","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1630399","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1323"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1630399"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1630399\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1630407"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1630399"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1630399"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1630399"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}