{"id":1467213,"date":"2022-05-07T07:44:41","date_gmt":"2022-05-07T11:44:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/?p=1467213"},"modified":"2022-05-07T07:44:45","modified_gmt":"2022-05-07T11:44:45","slug":"macbeth-not-a-strategy-for-outer-space","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/macbeth-not-a-strategy-for-outer-space\/","title":{"rendered":"Macbeth: Not a Strategy for Outer Space"},"content":{"rendered":"<aside class=\"mashsb-container mashsb-main mashsb-stretched\"><div class=\"mashsb-box\"><div class=\"mashsb-count mash-medium\" style=\"float:left\"><div class=\"counts mashsbcount\">14<\/div><span class=\"mashsb-sharetext\">SHARES<\/span><\/div><div class=\"mashsb-buttons\"><a class=\"mashicon-facebook mash-medium mash-nomargin mashsb-noshadow\" href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conservativenewsdaily.net%2Fbreaking-news%2Fmacbeth-not-a-strategy-for-outer-space%2F\" target=\"_top\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span class=\"icon\"><\/span><span class=\"text\">Facebook<\/span><\/a><a class=\"mashicon-twitter mash-medium mash-nomargin mashsb-noshadow\" href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=&amp;url=https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/?p=1467213&amp;via=ConservNewsDly\" target=\"_top\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span class=\"icon\"><\/span><span class=\"text\">Twitter<\/span><\/a><a class=\"mashicon-subscribe mash-medium mash-nomargin mashsb-noshadow\" href=\"#\" target=\"_top\" rel=\"nofollow\"><span class=\"icon\"><\/span><span class=\"text\">Subscribe<\/span><\/a><div class=\"onoffswitch2 mash-medium mashsb-noshadow\" style=\"display:none\"><\/div><\/div>\n            <\/div>\n                <div style=\"clear:both\"><\/div><\/aside>\n            <!-- Share buttons by mashshare.net - Version: 4.0.47--><div><\/div>\n<p>Naturally, we are curious to know the future. Perhaps like Shakespeare\u2019s Banquo in \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.shakespeare.org.uk\/explore-shakespeare\/shakespedia\/shakespeares-plays\/macbeth\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Macbeth<\/a>,\u201d who entreats <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Three_Witches\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the Fates<\/a> to predict the course of time, \u201cIf you can look into the seeds of time, and say which grain will grow, and which will not, speak.\u201d Presently, the war in Ukraine looms center stage, adding additional friction to already <a href=\"https:\/\/www.latimes.com\/politics\/story\/2022-04-11\/russias-invasion-of-ukraine-has-also-made-it-a-pariah-in-space\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">strained relations<\/a> in outer space between Russia and the United States.<\/p>\n<p>As forewarned in the Defense Department\u2019s <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/media.defense.gov\/2020\/Jun\/17\/2002317391\/-1\/-1\/1\/2020_DEFENSE_SPACE_STRATEGY_SUMMARY.PDF\" target=\"_blank\">2020 Space Strategy<\/a>, space increasingly is becoming a contested domain with China, Russia, Iran and North Korea. Recently, the head of the Russian space agency, Dmitry Rogozin, announced that Russia <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/thehill.com\/policy\/international\/3473329-russia-ending-work-on-international-space-station-in-response-to-sanctions\/\" target=\"_blank\">intends to leave<\/a> the historic International Space Station in response to sanctions. But there is hope. On May 9, United Nations stakeholders plan to <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/meetings.unoda.org\/meeting\/oewg-space-2022\/\" target=\"_blank\">host a dialogue<\/a> in Geneva on norms of responsible state behavior in space. After Russia\u2019s destructive direct-ascent anti-satellite (ASAT) missile test in November 2021, 163 members of the U.N. General Assembly <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/undocs.org\/en\/A\/76\/415\" target=\"_blank\">voted<\/a> to establish an <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/meetings.unoda.org\/meeting\/oewg-space-2022\/\" target=\"_blank\">open-ended working group<\/a> on reducing space threats. The group\u2019s first meeting was scheduled for Feb. 14, but was delayed by the Russian delegation\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/breakingdefense.com\/2022\/02\/no-love-from-russia-for-un-military-space-norms-meeting\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">multiple objections<\/a> and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.csis.org\/programs\/crisis-crossroads-ukraine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">escalating crisis<\/a> in Ukraine.<\/p>\n<p>To avoid writing a tragedy like Shakespeare\u2019s \u201cMacbeth,\u201d a global dialogue on norms of responsible state behavior in space is essential. Interestingly, China and Russia <a href=\"https:\/\/www.politico.com\/news\/2022\/02\/09\/un-postpones-space-diplomacy-talks-russia-00007241\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">opposed<\/a> the working group\u2019s formation. Why?<\/p>\n<p>Setting the stage, Beijing and Moscow signaled their joint commitment for exploring space in March 2021 when Russia\u2019s Roscosmos space agency and the China National Space Administration signed <a href=\"http:\/\/www.cnsa.gov.cn\/english\/n6465652\/n6465653\/c6811380\/content.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">an agreement<\/a> to establish a shared lunar research center and pursue deep space exploration. This space partnership was affirmed on Feb. 4, when Chinese President Xi Jinping and Russian President Vladimir Putin signed a <a href=\"https:\/\/foreignpolicy.com\/2022\/02\/08\/xi-putin-summit-china-russia-alliance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">joint statement<\/a> on entering a new era of international relations \u2014 including in outer space. The two leaders declared their opposition toward U.S. plans to develop global missile defense and \u201cattempts by some states to turn outer space into an arena of armed confrontation,\u201d according to a <a href=\"https:\/\/www.airuniversity.af.edu\/Portals\/10\/CASI\/documents\/Translations\/2022-02-04%20China%20Russia%20joint%20statement%20International%20Relations%20Entering%20a%20New%20Era.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">translation<\/a> by Air University.<\/p>\n<p>Then on Feb. 22, the United States, United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Germany and France signaled their commitment to maintaining the safety and sustainability of space by jointly releasing the <a href=\"https:\/\/media.defense.gov\/2022\/Feb\/22\/2002942522\/-1\/-1\/0\/CSPO-VISION-2031.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Combined Space Operations Vision 2031<\/a>. The vision statement warns that \u201cthe lack of widely accepted norms of responsible behavior and historical practice increases the possibility of misperceptions and the risks of escalation.\u201d Communicating with spacefaring nations can enhance safety and stability.<\/p>\n<p>Furthermore, cooperation is a critical and necessary strategy, as discussed in the Biden administration\u2019s <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/12\/United-States-Space-Priorities-Framework-_-December-1-2021.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Space Priorities Framework<\/a>. For example, NASA\u2019s <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/press-release\/nasa-international-partners-advance-cooperation-with-first-signings-of-artemis-accords\" target=\"_blank\">Artemis program<\/a> is an international space exploration initiative begun under the Trump administration to return astronauts to the moon and conduct the first human mission to Mars. Central to the program is a series of non-binding principles, called the <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.nasa.gov\/specials\/artemis-accords\/img\/Artemis-Accords-signed-13Oct2020.pdf\" target=\"_blank\">Artemis Accords<\/a>: Principles for a Safe, Peaceful and Prosperous Future. These principles articulate <a href=\"https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/moon-caught-bad-romance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">standards of behavior<\/a> to support deep space exploration and peaceful relations among nations. Presently there are 17 signatory countries; the most recent addition is Bahrain, which signed the Accords on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.state.gov\/kingdom-of-bahrain-signs-the-artemis-accords\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">March 2<\/a>. The others are: Australia, Brazil, Canada, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Romania, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United Kingdom and the United States.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Apart from NASA\u2019s Artemis program, the China Manned Space agency also put out a call for other nations to join its space exploration program. In celebration of completing the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.reuters.com\/world\/chinese-astronauts-leave-space-station-module-cctv-2022-04-16\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Shenzhou-13<\/a> mission on April 16, Chinese foreign ministry spokesman Wang Wenbin <a href=\"https:\/\/www.scmp.com\/news\/china\/science\/article\/3174693\/china-opens-space-station-door-working-foreign-astronauts\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">declared<\/a> that China is \u201cwilling to work with any country and region that is dedicated to the peaceful use of space to carry out more international cooperation and exchanges.\u201d<\/p>\n<aside class=\"ad-unit ad-unit--mr1_ab\">\n<\/aside>\n<aside class=\"thehill-promo-link\">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/thehill.com\/opinion\/healthcare\/3478093-macaroni-cards-and-black-maternal-health\/\" class=\"thehill-promo-link__link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n\t\tMacaroni cards and Black maternal health\t<\/a><br \/>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/thehill.com\/opinion\/healthcare\/3474582-china-takes-the-high-ground-on-covid-19-but-falls-short\/\" class=\"thehill-promo-link__link\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><br \/>\n\t\tChina takes the high ground on COVID-19 \u2014 but falls short\t<\/a><br \/>\n\t<\/aside>\n<p>As the U.N.\u2019s new space group prepares to convene next week, the challenge ahead is how to unite disparate visions of space stability in pursuit of one common goal. To that point, the Biden administration is committed to building what could be dubbed the \u201cFour S\u2019s of Space\u201d \u2014 ensuring the <a href=\"https:\/\/media.defense.gov\/2021\/Jul\/23\/2002809598\/-1\/-1\/0\/TENETS-OF-RESPONSIBLE-BEHAVIOR-IN-SPACE.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">safety, security, stability and sustainability of outer space<\/a> \u2014 in concert with norms, rules and law. The Putin-Xi joint statement also signals a shared interest in advancing the \u201clong-term sustainability\u201d of space.\u00a0<\/p>\n<p>Only through communication \u2014 however <a href=\"https:\/\/www.csis.org\/analysis\/russia-launches-musical-space-salvo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">problem-riddled<\/a> it may be \u2014 can we work toward advancing norms, rules and principles for the security and sustainability of space. \u201cMacbeth\u2019s\u201d zero-sum strategy of \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/myshakespeare.com\/macbeth\/act-1-scene-4-popup-note-index-item-stars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Stars, hide your fires<\/a>, Let not light see my black and deep desires,\u201d should not serve as a space strategy for any nation.<\/p>\n<p><em>Zhanna L. Malekos Smith is a senior associate with the Strategic Technologies Program and the Aerospace Security Project at the Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in Washington, an assistant professor in the Department of Systems Engineering at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point, and an affiliate faculty with the Modern War Institute. The views expressed here are solely the author\u2019s and not those of CSIS, the Department of Defense, or the U.S. government. Research assistant Cadet Mary E. Bell contributed to this article.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Naturally, we are curious to know the future. Perhaps like Shakespeare\u2019s Banquo in \u201cMacbeth,\u201d who entreats the Fates to predict the course of time, \u201cIf you can look into the<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":489,"featured_media":2315279,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_mo_disable_npp":"","fifu_image_url":"","fifu_image_alt":"","footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1467213","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1467213","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/489"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1467213"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1467213\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2315279"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1467213"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1467213"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.conservativenewsdaily.net\/breaking-news\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1467213"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}